Review
Heat transfer—A review of 2005 literature

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Abstract

The present review is intended to encompass the heat transfer literature published in 2005. While of a wide-range in scope, some selection is inevitable. We restrict ourselves to papers published in English through a peer-review process, with selected translations from journals published in other languages. Papers from conference proceedings generally are not included, though the Proceeding itself may be cited in the introduction. A significant fraction of the papers reviewed herein relates to the science of heat transfer, including experimental, analytical and numerical studies. Other papers cover applications where heat transfer plays a major role, not only in man-made devices but in natural systems as well. The papers are grouped into major subject areas and then into subfields within these areas. In addition to reviewing the literature, we mention major conferences held in 2005, major awards related to heat transfer presented in 2005, and books on heat transfer published during the year.

Section snippets

1. Introduction

As in previous years, a considerable effort has been devoted to research in traditional applications such as chemical processing, general manufacturing, and energy conversion devices, including general power systems, heat exchangers, and high performance gas turbines. In addition, a significant number of papers address topics that are at the frontiers of both fundamental research and important emerging technologies, including nanoscale structures, microchannel flows and bio-heat transfer.

The

A. Conduction

Highlights of papers dealing with heat conduction in solids structures, and materials, and the relevant literature appear in this section dealing with a wide variety of subcategories. The various subcategories include (1) contact conduction/contact resistance; (2) microscale/nanoscale heat transport, and wave propagation; (3) heat transfer in fins, composites, and complex geometries; (4) analytical and numerical methods and analysis, (5) experimental and/or comparative studies; (6) thermal

B. Boundary layers and external flows

Papers on boundary layers and external flows for 2005 have been categorized as follows: flows influenced externally, flows with special geometric effects, compressible and high-speed flows, analysis and modeling techniques, unsteady flow effects, flows with film and interfacial effects, flows with special fluid types or property effects, and flows with combustion and other reactions.
1. External effects

External effects on boundary layers addressed in the 2005 literature include imposed magnetic

C. Channel flows

The review of articles for channel flow heat transfer was subcategorized into the following areas straight-wall channels and ducts; ducts having fins or profiling for heat transfer enhancement; flow and heat transfer in channels in complex geometries; unsteady and transient flow and heat transfer in channels; micro-channel heat transfer; and channel flows with multiphase and non-Newtonian flow.
1. Straight-walled ducts

Experimental and computational studies were conducted in a variety of ducts

D. Separated flows

This section deals with papers addressing heat transfer characteristics in flows experiencing separation, either by rapid changes in geometry or strong adverse pressure gradient. This section also includes the thermal behavior of flow past bluff objects, jets, and reattachment.1. Sudden expansions were studied in a variety of circumstances, including the effect of buoyancy on mixed convection heat and mass transfer; the influence of baffles on mixed convection downstream of a step; a numerical

DP. Heat transfer in porous media

Heat and mass transfer in porous media encompasses a wide range of technologies which continue to motivate numerical and experimental studies. Most of the theoretical papers published in 2005 are based on the Darcy–Brinkman–Forcheimer formulation of the momentum equation and either a one or two equation description of the thermal problem. A good number of the studies reported have included experiments for either establishing controlling physical quantities for analysis or validating

E. Experimental methods

Although one dream of some engineers and scientists may be that heat transfer results can be obtained for all systems through strictly numerical methods clearly that has not come to pass and probably never will. The need for experiments remains strong. Even with the success of numerical analysis, in solving conduction and laminar flow problems, calculations for turbulent and some separated flows still require experimental input for empirical constants and verification. Also one still needs

F. Natural convection—internal flows


1. The large number of papers report studies of Rayleigh-Benard convection with a variety of fluids and thermal boundary conditions [F1], [F2], [F3], [F4], [F5], [F6], [F7], [F8], [F9], [F10], [F11], [F12], [F13], [F14], [F15].
2. A few papers include particles in the fluid that are composed of phase change materials or are some form of nanoparticles. Studies of heat-generating fluids include a linear stability analysis that has been made to study the effects of critical Rayleigh number and

FF. Natural convection—external flows


1. Vertical, horizontal and inclined plates

A significant number of papers reported studies of natural convection from vertical flat plates including methods to model turbulent flow, the effects of micropolar fluids, porous media, wavy surfaces and double diffusive flows [FF1], [FF2], [FF3], [FF4], [FF5], [FF6], [FF7], [FF8], [FF9], [FF10], [FF11].
2. Channels, fin arrays and electronic cooling

The driving force behind many of the publications on channel flow is the optimal cooling of electronic

G. Convection from rotating surfaces


1. Rotating disks

Heat transfer, convective instabilities from rotating disks were studied [G1], [G2], [G3], [G4], [G5]. Thermal-fluid flow between stationary and rotating parallel disks was also analyzed [G6], [G7], [G8].
2. Rotating channels

Effectiveness of latticework coolant blade passages under rotation was investigated [G9]. Heat transfer in rotating rectangular and square channels/ducts were studied [G10], [G11], [G12], [G13], [G14], [G15], [G16], [G17], [G18]. Convective flow in a

H. Combined heat and mass transfer

We divide the section into 7 subcategories covering different topics.
1. Ablation

This includes mass transfer through aerodynamic heating and mass-transfer in multi-component materials [H1], [H2].
2. Transpiration

This includes heat and mass transfer in porous materials, desalination, and the effect of material coatings on both heat and mass transfer [H3], [H4], [H5], [H6], [H7], [H8], [H9], [H10], [H11], [H12], [H13].
3. Film cooling

This section includes two-phase flow, determination of heat

I. Bioheat transfer

The present review includes only a small portion of the overall literature in this area. This represents work predominantly in engineering journals with the occasional inclusion of basic science and biomedical journals. This is a very dynamic and cross disciplinary area of research, and thus, this review should be taken as more of an overview, particularly from an engineering point of view, rather than an exhaustive list of all work in this area for this year. Subsections include work in (1)

J. Change of phase—boiling and evaporation

Papers on boiling change of phase for 2005 have been categorized as follows: those that focus on droplet and film evaporation, boiling incipience and effects of bubble dynamics, pool boiling, film and transition boiling, flow or forced convection boiling, and two-phase thermohydrodynamic effects.
1. Droplet and film evaporation

These papers focus on evaporation of droplets, films, and interfaces. Many of them address evaporators for refrigeration or evaporation of falling films (laminar,

JJ. Change of phase—condensation

Papers on condensation are categorized into those dealing with the analysis and modeling of all aspects of condensation heat transfer, surface modifications to enhance heat transfer, experimental and analytical papers dealing with global geometrical modifications, and the heat transfer behavior of condensing mixtures.
1. Modeling and analysis

Analytical work on condensation in 2004 includes research on linear stability of a condensate film acted on by gravity and vapor shear [JJ1], condensation

JM. Change of phase—freezing and melting

In this section, freezing and melting problems in the literature are reviewed. The problems are broken into various further subdivisions as noted in the subheadings below.
1. Melting and freezing of sphere, cylinders and slabs

Topics studied included frost growth on a flat plate [JM1]; phase-change interface in the thawing of frozen food [JM2]; freeze drying of cylindrical porous media [JM3] and melting from a vertical plate [JM4].
2. Stefan problems, analytical solutions/special solutions

An

K. Radiation

Papers on radiation focus on the radiative heat transfer calculations and the influence of geometry, the role of radiation in combustion processes, the effect of participating media, radiation combined with other modes of heat transfer, radiative transfer in microscale systems, and experimental methods to assess radiative transfer and materials properties. The papers here are divided into these subcategories that focus on the different impacts of radiation. Most of the papers report the results

N. Numerical methods

A relatively new capability available to the researchers and practitioners of heat transfer is the ability to simulate physical phenomena on a computer. The simulation of heat transfer, fluid flow, and related processes is achieved via numerical solution of the governing equations. Such computational simulation is now widely used in fundamental research and in industrial applications. New and improved numerical methods are being developed to improve their accuracy, efficiency, and range of

P. Properties

This section deals with the studies undertaken to investigate the behavior of various thermophysical and thermodynamic properties. The following classifications have been made:
1. Thermal conductivity, diffusivity and effusivity

Thermal conductivity and diffusivity investigations drew a lot of attention. Some well established experimental and numerical techniques were used to estimate the thermal conductivity and diffusivity for a wide variety of materials [P1], [P2], [P3], [P4], [P5], [P6], [P7]

Q. Heat transfer applications—heat exchangers and thermosyphons

The papers in this category relate to heat exchanger theory, operation, fouling, and heat pipes. Like the previous years, a major effort is directed toward the design, modeling, analysis, and correlation of existing data on heat exchangers.
1. Heat exchangers

Performance studies were conducted using LMTD and NTU methodologies [Q1], [Q2], [Q3], [Q4], [Q5], [Q6], [Q7], [Q8], [Q9], [Q10], [Q11]. Several optimization studies were performed [Q12], [Q13], [Q14], [Q15], [Q16], [Q17], [Q18], [Q19], [Q20]

S. Heat transfer applications—general

This section includes the articles related to heat transfer studies in general applications, which include nuclear reactors, buildings, thermodynamic cycles, electronics cooling, manufacturing, fuel cells and gas-turbines. This year’s summary is divided into the following subcategories.
1. Nuclear reactors

This topic includes papers related to heat transfer in reactor vessels [S1], [S2], [S3], and fuel rod elements [S4], [S5], [S6], [S7], [S8]. Thermal-hydraulic characteristics of an encapsulated

T. Solar energy

Heat transfer studies in the field of solar energy address a broad range of topics covering a variety of applications for buildings to power plants. Papers are broadly divided into solar radiation fundamentals and measurement, low-temperature applications, high-temperature applications, building components, and storage technologies. Papers on solar energy that do not focus on heat transfer, for example, papers on photovoltaics (except for those that deal with combined thermal systems), wind

U. Plasma heat transfer and MHD

This chapter includes the characterization of discharge plasmas through modeling and diagnostics of the fluid flow and heat transfer in a variety of plasma generating devices. These characterizations address the fundamental interactions of plasmas with solids (heat and momentum transfer), as well as the description of specific plasma processes. Because of the multitude of physical effects and the strong non-linearity of any such process, a continuous improvement in the descriptions is seen on

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