Review
Heat transfer—A review of 2004 literature

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Abstract

The present review covers the heat transfer literature published in 2004 in English language, including some translations of foreign language papers. Though extensive, some selection is necessary. Only articles published by a process of peer review in archival journals are reviewed. Papers are grouped into subject-oriented sections and further divided into sub-fields. Many papers deal with the fundamental science of heat transfer, including experimental, numerical and analytical work; others relate to applications or natural systems. In addition to reviewing journal articles, this Review also takes note of important conferences and meetings on heat transfer and related areas, major awards presented in 2004, and relevant books published in 2004.

Section snippets

Foreword

The 2004 Heat Transfer Review is considerably different from those of previous years. This year, the key focus is to provide direct access to the heat transfer related articles which have appeared in peer-reviewed journals. This transition is being done to make this Review more helpful to readers. We apologize for the delay in this publication and the inconvenience this might have caused. It required a considerable effort from everybody associated with this review to plan and execute the

1. Introduction

The present review is intended to encompass the heat transfer literature published in 2004. While every attempt has been made to be exhaustive, some selection is inevitable. We restrict ourselves to papers published in English through a peer-review process, with selected translations from journals published in other languages. A significant fraction of the papers reviewed herein relate to the science of heat transfer, comprising experimental, numerical and analytical studies. Others relate to

A. Conduction

In the category of heat conduction in solids structures, and materials, various papers dealing with a wide variety of subcategories appear. In this context, the papers are categorized into: (1) contact conduction/contact resistance, (2) microscale/nanoscale heat transport, and wave propagation, (3) heat transfer in fins, composites, and complex geometries, (4) analytical and numerical methods and analysis, (5) experimental and/or comparative studies, (6) thermal stress and thermomechanical

B. Boundary layers and external flows

Papers on boundary layers and external flows for 2004 have been categorized as follows: flows influenced externally, flows with special geometric effects, compressible and high-speed flows, analysis and modeling techniques, unsteady flow effects, flows with film and interfacial effects, flows with special fluid types or property effects, and flows with combustion and other reactions.
1. External effects

External effects on boundary layers addressed in the 2004 literature include swirl,

C. Channel flows

Heat transfer in channels continues to see considerable attention in the literature both through experimental and computational studies. The largest growth in papers from previous years was in the area of microchannel heat transfer. The review of articles was subcategorized into the following areas: straight-wall channels and ducts; ducts having fins or profiling for heat transfer enhancement; flow and heat transfer in channels in complex geometries; unsteady and transient flow and heat

D. Separated flows

This section deals with papers addressing heat transfer characteristics in flows experiencing separation, either by rapid changes in geometry or strong adverse pressure gradient. This section also includes the thermal behavior of flow past bluff objects, jets, and reattachment.

1. A numerical study examined the flow over staggered oval tubes. Heat transfer control was employed in a backward-facing step flow using miniature electromagnetic actuators. Laminar flow past a cylinder was studied where

DP. Heat transfer in porous media

Fundamental and applied research on heat and mass transfer in porous media span a very wide range of technologies and physical phenomena. This field of research has grown dramatically over the past 25 years, and there appears to be no decrease in the level of interest. Measurement and analysis of single phase free and forced convection for a variety of flows and geometries that mimic systems found in nature and technology are the focus of a large portion of the literature reviewed. Multi-phase

E. Experimental methods

Fundamental and applied experimental heat transfer studies, as well as testing of heat transfer equipment and measurements in a number of natural phenomena, require good experimental methods and equipment including sensors and data acquisition systems. New and improved instrumentation for various parameters of importance to heat transfer studies is continually being developed and modified to provide more accurate, sturdier, more convenient, faster, and more flexible systems. The present section

F. Natural convection—internal flows

1. As in previous years, many publications focused on classical Rayleigh Benard flows, the horizontal plate geometry and turbulence models [F1], [F2], [F3], [F4], [F5], [F6], [F7], [F8], [F9], [F10], [F11], [F12].
2. Thermocapillary flows were investigated primarily using numerical methods under evaporation conditions. Transient and oscillatory conditions were also considered [F13], [F14], [F15], [F16], [F17], [F18], [F19], [F20], [F21], [F22].
3. Many papers covered numerous enclosure geometries

FF. Natural convection—external flows

1. Vertical, horizontal and inclined plates

The majority of papers in this section consider a vertical flat plate with various fluid and thermal boundary conditions. Wavy vertical plates and plates with ribs are also considered as are heated horizontal plates facing up and down [FF1], [FF2], [FF3], [FF4], [FF5], [FF6], [FF7], [FF8], [FF9], [FF10], [FF11], [FF12], [FF13].
2. Channels, fin arrays and electronic cooling (marked #3 on sheets)

A fundamental study of secondary flows in inclined channels

G. Rotating flows

1. Rotating disks

Temperature distribution is studied for the cases of a rotating disk subjected to an eccentric heat source and surface cooling [G1], wakes behind a disk in a planar stream [G2], sudden subjection to natural convection [G3], in a thin liquid film on a rotating disk [G4], co-rotating disks found in computer disk-drive systems [G5], and in a thermally and mechanically inhomogeneous disk with intermittent heating [G6]. Heat transfer for a disk rotating in a fluid rotating as a

H. Combined heat and mass transfer

Heat transfer and mass transfer are tightly coupled in many scientific and engineering problems. The coupling of the two—often with the fluid dynamics—makes themselves present in a wide variety of physical phenomena. Additionally, isolating the dynamics of heat transfer from mass transfer, or vice versa, is often difficult but considerable attention is given to the area. This subject matter of this section covers the spectrum of combined heat and mass transfer for the current year. The section

I. Bioheat transfer

The present review is only a small portion of the overall literature in this area. This represents work predominantly in engineering journals with occasional basic science and biomedical journals included. This is a very dynamic and cross disciplinary area of research, and thus, this review should be taken as more of an overview, particularly from an engineering point of view, rather than an exhaustive list of all work in this area for this year. Subsections include work in (1) biopreservation,

J. Change of phase—boiling and evaporation

Papers on boiling change of phase for 2004 have been categorized as follows: Those that focus on droplet and film evaporation, bubble characteristics and boiling incipience, pool boiling, film boiling, flow or forced convection boiling, and two-phase thermohydrodynamic effects.
1. Droplet and film evaporation

These papers focus on evaporation of droplets, films, and interfaces. Many of them address evaporators for refrigeration or evaporation of falling films or attached drops. Some look at

JJ. Change of phase—condensation

Papers on condensation are categorized into those dealing with the analysis and modeling of all aspects of condensation heat transfer, surface modifications to enhance heat transfer, experimental and analytical papers dealing with global geometrical modifications, and the heat transfer behavior of condensing mixtures.
1. Modeling and analysis

Papers in this section examine a variety of situations analytically as well as numerically. Three correlations for condensation on microfin tubes [JJ1] and

JM. Change of phase—freezing and melting

In this section, freezing and melting problems in the heat transfer literature are reviewed. The problems are broken into various further subdivisions as given in the subheadings below.
1. Melting and freezing of sphere, cylinders and slabs

Work in this area included thawing and freezing of meat products, and vacuum freeze drying of various solid geometries [JM1], [JM2].
2. Stefan problems, analytical solutions/special solutions

Work in this subsection studied moving boundary problems from freezing

K. Radiation

Papers on radiation focus on the radiative heat transfer calculations and the influence of geometry, the role of radiation in combustion processes, the effect of participating media, radiation combined with other modes of heat transfer, radiative transfer in microscale systems, and experimental methods to assess radiative transfer and materials properties. The papers here are divided into these subcategories that focus on the different impacts of radiation. Most of the papers report the results

N. Numerical methods

A relatively new capability available to the researchers and practitioners of heat transfer is the ability to simulate physical phenomena on a computer. The simulation of heat transfer, fluid flow, and related processes is achieved via numerical solution of the governing equations. Such computational simulation is now widely used in fundamental research and in industrial applications. New and improved numerical methods are being developed to improve their accuracy, efficiency, and range of

P. Properties

This section deals with the studies undertaken to determine various thermophysical and thermodynamic properties. This year’s summary has been categorized as follows:
1. Thermal conductivity, diffusivity and effusivity

Various well-established experimental and numerical techniques were used to estimate the thermal conductivity and diffusivity for a wide variety of materials [P1], [P2], [P3], [P4], [P5], [P6], [P7], [P8], [P9], [P10], [P11], [P12], [P13], [P14], [P15], [P16], [P17], [P18], [P19],

Q. Heat transfer applications—heat exchangers and thermosyphons

The papers in this category relate to heat exchanger theory, operation, fouling, and heat-pipes. Like the previous years, a major effort is directed toward the design, modeling, analysis, and correlation of existing data on heat exchangers.
1. Heat exchangers

Non-uniformity in flow distribution was studied [Q1], [Q2], [Q3]. Effect of design parameters on effectiveness of heat exchangers was studied [Q4], [Q5], [Q6]. LMTD and NTU studies were conducted [Q7], [Q8]. Some studies were devoted to the

S. Heat transfer applications—general

This section includes the articles related to heat transfer studies in general applications, which include nuclear reactors, buildings, thermodynamic cycles, electronics cooling, manufacturing, fuel cells and gas turbines. This year’s summary is divided into the following sub-categories.
1. Nuclear reactors

Heat and mass transfer during accidental conditions was studied [S1]. Other studies include a pulsed fission material assembly [S2], fuel pins [S3], glass-lined reactors [S4], stirred-tank and

T. Solar energy

Heat transfer studies in the field of solar energy address a broad range of topics covering a variety of applications for buildings to power plants. Papers are broadly divided into solar radiation fundamentals and measurement, low-temperature applications, high-temperature applications, building components, and storage technologies. Papers on solar energy that do not focus on heat transfer, for example, papers on photovoltaics (except for those that deal with combined thermal systems), wind

U. Plasma heat transfer and MHD

This chapter includes the characterization of discharge plasmas through modeling and diagnostics of the fluid flow and heat transfer in a variety of plasma generating devices. These characterizations address the fundamental interactions of plasmas with solids (heat and momentum transfer), as well as the description of specific plasma processes. Because of the multitude of physical effects and the strong non-linearity of any such process, a continuous improvement in the descriptions is seen on

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