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Limits of individual intuitions and importance of collective action
- 1. Limits of individual intuitions and importance of collective action Răzvan Rughiniș
- 2. Take away – Course 3 • Legal surveillance at unprecedented scale • Borderline practices & breaches increase risks • We often have an illusion of anonymity “for all practical purposes” • Our digital traces enable mass-scale profiling • Example: China’s “social credit score” • Our metadata is data • Identification is possible through easily available metadata patterns • We have an illusion of control on our data flows • Aggressive harvesting of private data • Involuntary disclosures through legitimate intersected & aggregated data • Breaches • Privacy by design
- 3. Overview Limits of individual intuitions • Surveillance scale • Population-wide processing • Individualized-level data • Time: durability • Distributed vulnerability • Concentrated power • Impact • Individual level • Nudging, persuasion, manipulation • (Invisible) discrimination • Social level: elections • Cultural level: the “hidden curriculum” Importance of collective action • Individual resistance • Monitoring data flows • Restricting data flows • Collective action • Addressing distributed vulnerability • Collective observation • Exit, voice, loyalty
- 4. Scale
- 6. Scale • Cambridge Analytica • Psychological profiles of voters – OCEAN model • Approximatively 5,000 data points on 220 million Americans • Behavioral microtargeting = individualized advertising with emotionally charged content
- 7. Source: Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative “description of personality”: The big-five factor structure. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 59, 1216–1229. From: https://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/5?e=carpenter-ch02_s01
- 8. Profiling is… the new normal • Data harvesting • Digital traces across platforms and devices • Online & offline integration • Shadow profiles for non-users • Profiling = Business as usual • Platforms = infrastructure
- 12. Distributed vulnerability - Significant others - Ageing - Disadvantage
- 13. nsfers observed between locations of Lumen users (left) and third-party server locations (right). Traffic frequently crosses international boundaries. Power: Concentration
- 14. Durability
- 15. Impact
- 17. Harry Brignull
- 19. Discrimination Retail monitoring and discrimination • Numerical discrimination • Prejudicial discrimination: customer value • Reversing democracy in retail • One dollar is the same for all?
- 20. When did you bargain, last time?
- 21. Social impact • Aggregated impact: elections • Governmental policy: China’s citizen score • Emerging social inequality
- 23. Cultural: The hidden curriculum Your ID for a cookie… Our data in exchange for better treatment • Customer loyalty becomes one input of many for retailer loyalty • Our value changes with age, family status, disease etc • Product & price anxieties • Data anxieties
- 24. Limits of our intuitions – take away • Our vulnerability is distributed • Our vulnerability is continuously changing • Through our ageing • Through their changing algorithms • Individual vulnerabilities aggregate in… • Social impact • Cultural impact: normality of exchanging data for service
- 27. Individual resistance • Trustless transactions • Encrypted messengers • TOR browsing • VPN • Privacy monitors • Ad blockers • Tracker blockers • Feed monitors • App leak monitors
- 29. Encrypted messaging apps Signal Private Messenger WhatApp Telegram Threema Wickr Me Viber Silence
- 30. TOR browser
- 32. VPNs
- 33. Privacy monitors Ad blockers Tracker blockers Feed monitors App leak monitors
- 34. Ad blockers
- 35. Tracker blockers
- 37. Gobo
- 46. Protect others!
- 47. Exit, voice, and loyalty (Albert O. Hirschman, 1970)
- 48. Join forces / Keep in touch EFF
- 49. Join forces / Keep in touch APTI
- 50. Importance of collective action – Take away • Individual resistance must be networked with our significant others • Because our vulnerability is distributed • Collective action • Developing and sharing protective tools • Competition: encouraging alternative platforms & privacy solutions • Voice • Reporting breaches, threats, dark patterns • Protesting our and others’ discrimination • Protesting policies • Supporting policies – such as support for the GDPR
- 51. References • Narseo Vallina-Rodriguez, Srikanth Sundaresan. 2017. 7 in 10 smartphone apps share your data with third-party services • Sean O'Kane. 2018. China will ban people with poor ‘social credit’ from planes and trains • Maya Wang. 2017. China’s Chilling ‘Social Credit’ Blacklist • Zeynep Tufekci, Facebook’s Surveillance Machine, New York Times, 2018